The Matched-guise Test in Rural Multilingual Settings: The Case of Lower Fungom, Cameroon


Keyword : Language attitudes, language ideologies, ethnographic questionnaire, matched-guise test, stereotypes, small-scale multilingualism


Author(s) : Angiachi D. Esene Agwara

Abstract :   

This study, informed by field research and results from an adapted form of matched-guise technique test, investigates whether stereotypes (i.e., social categorizations) shape language attitudes of speakers from the Missong village in the Lower Fungom area in rural  North-West  Cameroon,  which  is  known  to  be  a  context  of  small-scale multilingualism. The study is based on data collected from both interviews and MGT. Semi-structured  interviews  were  made  using  an  ethnographically-informed questionnaire developed to capture information about respondents’ social affiliations and motivations for being multilingual. The matched-guise test sought to explore the evaluation  reactions  of  listeners  towards  local  languages,  taking  into  consideration linguistic ideologies. Out of the 77 multilingual individuals from Missong interviewed, 31 (aged 23-92) were tested on their language attitudes using a culturally-adapted MGT test. Data were analyzed and interpreted on three axes: linguistic similarity, geographical proximity, and sociological factors. The findings of the study provide results about the language attitudes of Missong speakers and deal with some significant methodological insights. For the former, unlike what is found in the literature, the main factors shaping Missong speakers’ language attitudes are not stereotypical categorizations, but rather considerations of relational qualities. As for the latter, the inclusion of relational traits in the MGT captures locally salient features, calling for a deeper problematization of how to design MGT tests when targeting contexts of small-scale multilingualism. The study first represents one of the very few attempts to adapt the MGT to a small-scale multilingual context. Secondly, it shows how attitude judgments may not necessarily be rooted in social stereotypes. The results add to the body of language attitude research and question the  validity of  existing  scholarly  discourses  on  the  importance  of  stereotypes  as determining factors in people’s language attitudes

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